¶ … Language Controversy The art of argumentation is a style of reasoning with civility that is the foundation of discourse in business, public affairs, and group process. The emphasis on freedom of speech in a democracy is based on a civil society's need to resolve complex problems using discourse and argumentation instead of violence. In the interpersonal sphere, mastering the rhetoric of reasonable argumentation is an effective way to get people to listen to and respect what one says.

Americans are lucky to live in a society that offers its citizens freedom of speech. This freedom has, for decades, provided Americans with the right to have ideas that are originally and not necessarily "politically correct." However, in today's society, many people are joining a movement aimed at stripping us of freedom of speech in an effort to become more politically correct.

In Michiko Kakutani's essay, The Word Police (1996), the author discusses how language is used in society, and how people are placing such a strong emphasis on being "politically correct." Kakutani's article is somewhat humorous as she describes what conversations would sound like if everybody were completely politically correct in his or her language.

Kakutani talks about Rosalie Maggio's book, The Bias-Free Word Finder, a Dictionary of Nondiscriminatory Language, in which Maggio proposes changing the daily language of people simply because she believes that much of our language has negative connotations. Maggio thinks that the work "black" carries a negative connotation and suggests changing the term "blackball" to "ostracize," "black eye" to "mouse," "black sheep" to "outcast," and so on.

Words such as "ostracize" and "outcast" are already strongly used in the power of language is based on its meaning and the beliefs of the speaker. The speaker is the source of the thoughts and beliefs that the language is used to project, making the speaker's identity an extremely important factor. Identity can be used to describe race, gender, religion, social status, and many other things. An excellent example of the power of language being specifically based on the identity of the speaker is the use of the word "nigger."

The word "nigger" was used in a negative way in the days of American slavery. Even today, the word has a stereotypical connotation and can be considered an insult. However, the word has been used as a friendly term, as well, as many African-Americans use the word when referring to friends. It is viewed a positive word when a fellow African-American speaks of a good friend, saying, "That nigger is one of the great ones." Yet it takes on a negative vibe when a white woman refers to a black woman, saying "He let that nigger get ahead of me in line."

According to Naylor, when the speaker and the subject have equal racial identities, the word's connotations are positive. When they do not, it becomes negative. This concept shows how the identity of a speaker can enhance the meaning of language.

Naylor uses…